Explanation: Urine formation begins with glomerular filtration, which is a non selective process in which fluids and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure. Related questions How does diabetes affect the urinary system?
Why does glucose "spill" into the urine in diabetes? How does the consumption of alcohol affect the urinary system? What affect does the urinary system have on the blood pressure? What affect does the renal What is the purpose of taking the drug cyclosporine following kidney transplantation? Where in the body are the ureters located? How long are these tubes? A reverse genetic screen in the zebrafish identifies crb2b as a regulator of the glomerular filtration barrier.
Defects of CRB2 cause steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Podocyte-specific deletion of integrin-linked kinase results in severe glomerular basement membrane alterations and progressive glomerulosclerosis.
Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor a signaling in the podocyte-endothelial compartment is required for mesangial cell migration and survival. VEGF inhibition and renal thrombotic microangiopathy.
Statin-sensitive endocytosis of albumin by glomerular podocytes. Renal Physiol. Inhibitory effects of Robo2 on nephrin: a crosstalk between positive and negative signals regulating podocyte structure. Cell Reports. Solute partitioning and filtration by extracellular matrices. The glomerular endothelial cell coat is essential for glomerular filtration. Mechano-sensing and transduction by endothelial surface glycocalyx: composition, structure, and function. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Slit diaphragms contain tight junction proteins.
Actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin-1 is necessary in maintaining mature podocyte architecture. Homodimerization and heterodimerization of the glomerular podocyte proteins nephrin and NEPH1.
Glomerular filtration is normal in the absence of both agrin and perlecan-heparan sulfate from the glomerular basement membrane. DDR1-deficient mice show localized subepithelial GBM thickening with focal loss of slit diaphragms and proteinuria. Role of the polarity protein Scribble for podocyte differentiation and maintenance. Disruption of glomerular basement membrane charge through podocyte-specific mutation of agrin does not alter glomerular permselectivity.
Electrical forces determine glomerular permeability. The glomerular filtration barrier function: new concepts. COQ6 mutations in human patients produce nephrotic syndrome with sensorineural deafness. Positional cloning uncovers mutations in PLCE1 responsible for a nephrotic syndrome variant that may be reversible. Pores in the glomerular basement membrane revealed by ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural change of the glomerular basement membrane in rats with Heymann nephritis revealed by ultrahigh resolution scanning electron microscopy.
Electron microscopic evaluation of the endothelial surface layer of glomerular capillaries. Nephrin localizes to the slit pore of the glomerular epithelial cell. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Molecular basis of the functional podocin-nephrin complex: mutations in the NPHS2 gene disrupt nephrin targeting to lipid raft microdomains. Podocin organizes ion channel-lipid supercomplexes: implications for mechanosensation at the slit diaphragm.
Nephron Exp. Actin filament organization of foot processes in rat podocytes. FAT is a component of glomerular slit diaphragms. Glomerular size and charge selectivity in the mouse after exposure to glucosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes. Morphological and functional evidence for an important role of the endothelial cell glycocalyx in the glomerular barrier.
Adriamycin alters glomerular endothelium to induce proteinuria. Angiopoietin-1 is essential in mouse vasculature during development and in response to injury. Soluble FLT1 binds lipid microdomains in podocytes to control cell morphology and glomerular barrier function. Nck adaptor proteins link nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes.
Nck proteins maintain the adult glomerular filtration barrier. CD, the first member of the tetraspanin TM4 superfamily detected on erythrocytes, is essential for the correct assembly of human basement membranes in kidney and skin. Positionally cloned gene for a novel glomerular protein—nephrin—is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome. Nephrin promotes cell-cell adhesion through homophilic interactions. Molecular dissection of laminin alpha 5 in vivo reveals separable domain-specific roles in embryonic development and kidney function.
CD2-associated protein haploinsufficiency is linked to glomerular disease susceptibility. Expression and potential role of angiopoietins and Tie-2 in early development of the mouse metanephros. Alpha 3 beta 1 integrin has a crucial role in kidney and lung organogenesis. Disruption of Myosin 1e promotes podocyte injury. A potential role for mechanical forces in the detachment of podocytes and the progression of CKD.
Ultrastructural organization of the glomerular basement membrane as revealed by a deep-etch replica method. Cell Tissue Res. Global analysis reveals the complexity of the human glomerular extracellular matrix. An analysis of the permeability of a fenestra.
Glomerular filtration rate dependence of sieving of albumin and some neutral proteins in rat kidneys. PodoNet Consortium. MYO1E mutations and childhood familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Endothelial surface layer degradation by chronic hyaluronidase infusion induces proteinuria in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
The glomerular basement membrane. Cell Res. Collagen IV alpha 3, alpha 4, and alpha 5 chains in rodent basal laminae: sequence, distribution, association with laminins, and developmental switches. Renal albumin filtration: alternative models to the standard physical barriers.
The renal circulations and glomerular ultrafiltration. A high-powered view of the filtration barrier. Beta1 integrin expression by podocytes is required to maintain glomerular structural integrity. Cubilin is expressed in rat and human glomerular podocytes.
Glomerular number and size variability and risk for kidney disease. TRPC6 is a glomerular slit diaphragm-associated channel required for normal renal function. Glomerular permeability: in vivo tracer studies with polyanionic and polycationic ferritins. Role of molecular charge in glomerular permeability.
Tracer studies with cationized ferritins. Glomerular basement membrane as a compressible ultrafilter. Heparan sulfate chains of perlecan are indispensable in the lens capsule but not in the kidney. EMBO J. Sieve plugs in fenestrae of glomerular capillaries—site of the filtration barrier? Cells Tissues Organs Print. Nephrin is specifically located at the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes.
Distribution of endogenous albumin in the rat glomerulus: role of hemodynamic factors in glomerular barrier function. Kidney failure in mice lacking the tetraspanin CD Endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in disease: albuminuria and increased microvascular permeability.
Angiopoietin-1 alters microvascular permeability coefficients in vivo via modification of endothelial glycocalyx. Loss of the endothelial glycocalyx links albuminuria and vascular dysfunction. Physiologic upper limits of pore size of different blood capillary types and another perspective on the dual pore theory of microvascular permeability.
J Angiogenes Res. Human podocytes express angiopoietin 1, a potential regulator of glomerular vascular endothelial growth factor. Angiopoietin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor modulate human glomerular endothelial cell barrier properties.
Inhibition of the TRPC5 ion channel protects the kidney filter. III, Sirianant L. A disease-causing mutation illuminates the protein membrane topology of the kidney-expressed prohibitin homology PHB domain protein podocin.
Podocin, a raft-associated component of the glomerular slit diaphragm, interacts with CD2AP and nephrin. Podocyte-specific loss of Cdc42 leads to congenital nephropathy. Congenital nephrotic syndrome in mice lacking CD2-associated protein. CRB2 mutations produce a phenotype resembling congenital nephrosis, Finnish type, with cerebral ventriculomegaly and raised alpha-fetoprotein. The function of endocytosis in podocytes. Role of dynamin, synaptojanin, and endophilin in podocyte foot processes.
The renal circulation. Crystal structure of human serum albumin at 2. Protein Eng. Nanoscale protein architecture of the kidney glomerular basement membrane. Spatiotemporal expression of molecules associated with junctional complexes during the in vivo maturation of renal podocytes. A new role for charge of the glomerular capillary membrane.
Signal 3:er11 Podocyte-associated talin1 is critical for glomerular filtration barrier maintenance. Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration in human type 1 diabetic nephropathy.
Reduction of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane by heparanase does not lead to proteinuria. Nephrin ectodomain engagement results in Src kinase activation, nephrin phosphorylation, Nck recruitment, and actin polymerization. Induction of podocyte VEGF overexpression at different stages of development causes congenital nephrosis or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Nephrin strands contribute to a porous slit diaphragm scaffold as revealed by electron tomography.
Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration promote kidney disease in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Altered podocyte structure in GLEPP1 Ptpro -deficient mice associated with hypertension and low glomerular filtration rate. A mutation in the TRPC6 cation channel causes familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Genetic Modification 4: Ecology 1.
Energy Flow 3. Carbon Cycling 4. Climate Change 5: Evolution 1. Evolution Evidence 2. Natural Selection 3. Classification 4. Cladistics 6: Human Physiology 1. Digestion 2. The Blood System 3. Disease Defences 4. Gas Exchange 5. Homeostasis Higher Level 7: Nucleic Acids 1. DNA Structure 2. Transcription 3. Translation 8: Metabolism 1. Metabolism 2.
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